Business Research Essay

1). Explain the difference between a research question and a hypothesis. Using your current or previous place of employment as a starting point, provide one or more research question and then develop two appropriate hypotheses. A resarch question is is a complicated question that does not have a clear cut anser too. The question is most likely variable different answers.A hypothesis is an aswer that might explane the research with lots of evidence. 2). You are the supervisor of a call center. Lately, there have been many misdirected or dropped calls. Develop one or two research questions and three hypotheses that might account for misdirected or dropped calls. Two research questions would be; when are the calls being dropped and what shift are the calls being dropped the most mi An appropriate hypothesis for the following would consist of; the calls are being dropped due to inefficent training. Another hypothesis would be that the system is having the problem. Lastly a hypothesis for both of them could be the customers may have dropped the calls due to cell phone usage. 3). What are dependent variable and independent variable? Select a library article that uses the quantitative research method and identify the dependent variables and independent variable researched in the article. Dependent vriables rely on other informations and factors and independent stands alone. Many different type contributing factors often leads to the summary of certain authoritative senses. Whereas being that quantitative research would require large amounts of information and edivence the following the factors from the dependent variable the independent would create the ideal theme.. 4). Provide examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary information sources at your current place of employment. How has each one been used? Provide examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary information sources at your current place of employment. How has each one been used? All three sources are used in your everyday tasks but to clarify the fmain one in my workplace would classify as the initial workplace email. Since my job is connected all over the world when the job changes this the first place it goes is email and then mail. In any given situation, a change can be added at anytime seem promptly next would be secondary which will be mailing the offical letter that was sent in the mail. so that these matters no matter what they are can be discussed. Lastly the matter is handle in meeting which means the matter is very serious. 5). Identify a management dilemma you  face at work or at an organization with which you were previously employed. Using the Management-Research Question Hierarchy in Ch. 5 of the text, develop the management questions, research questions, investigative questions, and measurement questions. A management situaion whould be times if flight changes or theier need to bring parts to the company.

Aa Meeting Paper

I attended an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting. The meeting I attended was on a Sunday morning at 8am. A group of 11 gathered to share their experiences under the deadly addiction of alcoholism and it was an open lead meeting. It was a very interesting experience for me. I have never been to an AA meeting, so I really didn't know what to expect. When I got there everyone was really friendly and I explained that I was a UNK student and I was just there to observe because I had to write a paper about AA. The first part of the meeting was a reading from the big book as they call it.The first reading summarized the AA creed and the second was a passage from the â€Å"book. † I noticed that almost everyone had a copy of it. It looked just like a Bible, and indeed, they treated it as such. A guy reading the mission of AA started the meeting and then a different man read the 12 steps that an alcoholic follows to gain sobriety. Then the lead was introduced and he had everyone go around th e room and say their name. When everyone said their name they would say, â€Å"My name is â€Å" ¦and I am an alcoholic. † The guy giving the lead told about how he started drinking and the various experiences that he went through while drinking.Some of the things he talked about sounded really rough. It was surprising to me that someone could stand up there and tell their life story and all the awful things they had done. After he talked about her alcoholism, he then began to discuss how he became sober and how great it feels to have his sobriety. Following was a guy in his early 50s who spoke about his sobriety ,he discussed about his struggles with alcohol and how he feels like he don’t have a ‘’real family â€Å", joining these meeting gives him a family that was After the lead, the group leader came up and read announcements.Then a collection basket was passed around, and everyone put some donation into the basket. Then the group leader asked for everyone to hold hands and say the â€Å"Our Father† prayer. After the prayer, the meeting was over with. There were some brochures at the front of the room about addiction and AA. I thought that having brochures was a great way for people to get information. On my way to the meeting I had all kinds of images of what an addict look like , as it turned out I was wrong , an addict don’t look a specific way , everyone looked normal , my first impression was ‘’ wow they look like an everyday normal personal.I thought they were going to look dirty , smelly it turns out that I was , the men and women that was there had families , grand kids , they weren’t criminals , except for one who was a dope dealer . After the meeting I spoke with one of the lady who’s been AA for almost five weeks , she ‘s a CNA with two kids and is currently engage . One of the things brought up which I thought was very interesting was during the times of her struggles with this disease she didn’t want to admit to her problems because she felt like he had an Image to keep at work ‘’. It really changed my view of what an addict alike .

Foreign Currency Management Pdf

Foreign Currency Management Exchange Rate This is the rate at which the currency of one country would change hands with currency of another country. E. g. $1 = SLR 130 Types of Exchange Rate 1. Floating Rate This rate depends on a levels of the international trade of a country and it does not interfere with the government of that country. 2. Fixed Rate This is the rate that the government of the country would set its own currency rate and it is not depending on the market rate. 3. Dirty Float This is the rate that mixed between floating rate and fixed rate system.This is where the government would allow exchange rate to float between a particular two limits. If it goes outside either of the limit, then the government would take further action. Forex Dealings 1. Bid Price The price at which the currency is bought by the dealer. 2. Offer Price The price at which the currency is sold by the dealer. When regarding the forex dealings, Offer Price > Bid Price Example 01: David is a UK busi nessman. He needs $ 400,000 to buy US equipment. Identify the amount of ? equired to buy the Dollars? ($/? 1. 75 – 1. 77) Answer: The amount of ? required = $ 400,000 $/? 1. 75 = ? 228571. 43 Example 02: James is a US businessman. He has just received a payment of ? 150,000 from his main customer in UK. Identify the amount of $ received by James when ? 150,000 are given? (? /$ 0. 61 – 0. 63) Answer: The amount of $ received = ? 150,000 ? /$ 0. 63 = $ 238095. 24 Spot Rate and Forward Rate Spot Rate This is the rate which is applicable for the immediate delivery of currency as at now.Forward Rate This is a rate that set for the future transaction for a fixed amount of currency. The transaction would take place on the future date at this agreed rate by disregarding the market rate. Discounts & Premiums Discounts If the forward rate which is quoted cheaper, then it is set to be quoted at a discount. E. g. $/? current spot is 1. 8500-1. 8800 and the one month forward rate a t 0. 0008-0. 0012 at a discount. When quoted at a discount, Answer: 1. 8500-1. 8800 their should be more Dollars + 0. 0008-0. 0012 being received at a given Pound. = 1. 508-1. 8812 So the discount factor have to be added to the spot rate. Premiums If the forward rate which is quoted more expensively, then it is set to be quoted at a premium. E. g. $/? current spot is 1. 9000-1. 9300 and the one month forward rate at 0. 0010-0. 0007 at a premium. When quoted at a premium, Answer: their should be less Dollars being 1. 9000-1. 9300 received at a given Pound because – 0. 0010-0. 0007 of the expensiveness of Dollars. So = 1. 8990-1. 9293 the premium factor have to be deducted from the spot rate. Foreign Exchange Rate Risks . Transaction Risk This is the risk that adverse exchange rate movement occurring in the cause of normal international trading transaction. This arises when the prices of imports or exports are fixed in foreign currency terms and there is a movement in the excha nge rate between the date when the price is agreed and when the cash is paid or received. 2. Translation Risk This is the risk that the organization will made exchange losses when the accounting results of its foreign branches or subsidiaries translated into the local currency. . Economic Risk This is the risk that suppose to a effect of exchange rate movements on the international competitiveness of the company. 4. Direct & Indirect Currency Quotes Direct Quote: This means the exchange rate is mentioned in terms of the amount of domestic currency which needs to be given in returns for one unit of foreign currency. E. g. SLR 130 for $1 Indirect Quote: This means the amount of foreign currency units that needs to be given to obtain one unit of domestic currency. E. g. $ 1/130 for SLR 1 Example 01ABC Ltd is a US company, buying goods from Sri Lanka which cost SLR 200,000. These goods are resold in the US for $2000 at the time of the import purchased. The current spot rate is $1 = SLR 126-130. Calculate the expected profit of the resale in terms of US Dollars using both direct & indirect quote methods. Answer: 1. ) Under Direct Quote Method $/SLR = 1/126 – 1/130 = 0. 00794 – 0. 00769 Sales = $2000 (-)Purchase Cost=SLR200,000*$/SLR0. 00794 =($1588) Expected Profit = $412 2. ) Under Indirect Quote Method Sales (-)Purchase Cost=SLR200,000/SLR126/$ Expected Profit = $2000 =($1587) = $413Managing the Exchange Rate Risk 1. Invoicing in domestic currency Since the exporter does not have to do any currency transaction in this method, the risk of currency conversion is transferred to the importer or vice versa. 2. Money Market Hedging Because of the close relationship between forward exchange rate and the interest rate in two currencies, it is possible to calculate a forward rate by using the spot exchange rate and money market lending or borrowing which is called as a money market hedge. Feature article about  Production Management3.Entering into Forward Exchange Rate Contracts A person can enter into an agreement with a bank to purchase the foreign currency on the fixed date at a fixed rate. 4. Matching receipts & payments Under this method a company can set off its payments against its receipts in that particular currency. 5. Options These are similar to forward trade agreements, but the consumer can choose between the bank’s rate and the market rate. Example 01 A Sri Lankan company has to settle $800,000 after three months time. The current spot rate is $1 = SLR 126-130.The foreign currency depositing interest rate is 12%per annum and the borrowing rate in Sri Lanka is 8% per annum. The agreed exchange rate with the bank is $1 = SLR128. The company has identified to overcome the exchange rate under Money Market Hedging & Forward Exchange Rate Contract methods. Identify the cheapest method to overcome the exchange rate risk. Answer: 1. ) Using Money Market Hedging Method FV = PV* (1+r)n PV = $800,000* (1+ 0. 03)-1 PV = $776,699 r = 0. 12*3/12 r = 0. 03 n=1 Purchase Cost(SLR) = $776,699*SLR130/$1 = SLR 100,970,870 Interest Cost(SLR) = SLR 100,970,870*0. 8*3/12 = SLR 2,019,417 Total Cost(SLR) = SLR(100,970,870+2,019,417) = SLR 102,990,287 2. ) Using Forward Exchange Rate Contract Method Total Cost (SLR) = $ 800,000*SLR128/$1 = $102,400,000 The best method is forward Exchange Rate Contract Method, because it gives the lowest total cost when compare to Money Market Hedging Method. Reasons for Short Term Changes of Exchange Rate 1. Investment Flows If a country does more investment to outside countries, then there would be a higher demand for foreign currency. Therefore the domestic will depreciated or vice versa. 2.Trade Flows In a given time if a country has more imports and less exports, the domestic currency will depreciated, because of the higher demand for the foreign currency or vice versa. 3. Economic Prospectus If a country has g ood economic policies and is showing shines of economic growth, it could receive more investment and therefore the domestic currency would appreciated. Reasons for Long Term Changes of Exchange Rate 1. Purchasing Power Parity Theory This theory describes how the differences in inflation rate among two countries would lead to changes in the exchange rates.Future Rate(A/B)=Spot Rate(A/B) * (1+ Inflation Rate of A) (1 +Inflation Rate of B) 2. Interest Rate Parity Theory This theory links the future currency rates with differences in interest rate among two countries. Future Rate(A/B)=Spot Rate(A/B) * (1+ Interest Rate of A) (1 +Interest Rate of B) 3. Monetarist Theory This theory identifies the relationship between exchange rate and the government money supply to an economy of one country. E. g. When the government released more money to their economy, individual would have more money.So they would purchased more, the demand will increased & through that result in higher prices & high inflation. This would lead to a high level of depreciation to the currency. 4. Keynesian Approach This theory says that an exchange rate may not change in a balance and sometimes currency may continuously appreciate or depreciate without reverse. E. g. There is a high taste & demand for imported product in one country while their exports are losing its export position in other countries. Therefore, without any appreciation of currency will continuously depreciate over a long time period in that country.

Economics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics Coursework - Essay Example Affordability of the customers: As mortgages have become less costly, the affordability of an average citizen has therefore gained growth. Moreover, mortgages are more readily available than before and therefore a consumer is more likely to avail himself a loan and increase his overall set of choices. Thus resulting in an increase in the demand shift of the consumer. (Neate, 2013) b. Recession: The pressures have double impact on the demand shifts. Not only it has reduced the purchasing power of a consumer but it has also taken away many sets of choices where a person used to invest. As recession is around, most of the investments are found to be riskier while these are also not expected to earn high returns. Therefore, potential investors, especially the large ones look at housing as a safe avenue for investment as the returns that it earns are quite stable while the capital gains are also a part of the investment. This also influences the demand curve to shift to its right and incr ease the overall demand of the house owning. (Neate, 2013) (O’sullivan, 2008) c. Herd Sentiment: It shall be noted that the growth of house prices has already outgrown the rate of growth in the loans extended in the form of mortgages. Such only reveals a point that the general public is following the trend. This can be due to reasons such as the fear of inflated home prices after the boom that these prices have received. Moreover, its cause may also be in the form of those investors who have looked it as a golden opportunity of capital gains and thus creating an artificial bubble of price inflation that will sooner or later burst out. (Rowley, 2013) d. Expectations: As prices have surged up so are the expectations of the people. As suggested in a recent article, the cost of average home may go up by 50,000 pounds in the course of the next five year. Moreover, keeping the sentiments in mind, the government’s recent move to provide interest free loan up to 600,000 pounds has only shifted the trend further and have once again given raise to the demands of the masses. (Lambert, 2013) If we point our attention to the factors that have may have impacted the supply side of the UK’s house owning phenomenon, the most important factor that grabs has shifted the supply curve includes the impact of exports whose disappointing performance has impacted the supply side of the above mentioned phenomenon. Since then, the government has focused more and more on supply side by encouraging the construction of more houses. Moreover, the lenders have been too lenient not only towards buyers but towards the sellers as well, since by supporting them in financing their projects they are pushing the supply curve as well, which in this case is toward its right. In a recent move, the government launched funding scheme which allowed banks to avail themselves inexpensive financing that allowed the lowering of the interest rates whose impacts were also seen on the deman d side. (Rowley, 2013) 2. As one can see in the table below that the profits will increase to 40,000 pounds if the fare is decreased from 10 pounds to 8 pounds: Fare Demand Total Revenue New Cost Profit 8 6 480 440 40 10 4 400 410 -10 12 3 360 400 -40 (O’sullivan, 2008) a. Below are the calculations required in case of price elasticity’s of demand by the midpoint formula method as well as percentage change

Social Psychology 4423 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Psychology 4423 - Essay Example The aphorism, ‘men are better than women’ has become no less than a haunt for women who try to achieve an equal footing with men in the society. Women are forced to hear comments regarding their inferiority in all walks of life be it driving, office work, state affairs or something as womanly as cooking. The essay looks into the possible affects of sexism on women, how confronting sexism helps women, and a summary of the article ‘Excuse Me—What Did You Just Say?!: Women’s Public and Private Responses to Sexist Remarks’ (Swim and Hyers 68-88). Swim and Hyers have highlighted how women react to sexist remarks that they come across. The article is divided into two studies which throw light on styles of confrontations of sexism and types of responses influenced by costs of responses perceived respectively. In the first study, they have observed how women confront sexism keeping in mind that the style of confrontation varies within the groups due to difference in perceptions about sexism societal pressures. Women who are more afraid of being identified as feminists and being tabbed as rude are less likely to confront sexism publicly. While women who wish to put an end to the problems that they face due to sexism are more likely to confront sexist remarks publicly in an attempt to change the views of advocates of sexism. This is influenced by one’s personal beliefs and motivation to react coupled with the gender of the bystanders as more women respond publicly if they are surrounded by females who do not react openly to sexist comments than if they are surrounded by males who adopt an inactive stance on sexism. The study also suggests that women often develop private dislike for sexists and their comments when they are unable to confront sexism publicly. The second study suggests that women are more likely to assume that they are capable of publicly confronting sexism than they actually are. This hypothesis is coupled wi th the assumption that women usually analyze the costs and benefits associated with their responses before actually reacting to the situation. A public confrontation is thus made when women view their reaction as polite and only if they believe that their response would not augur a strong and impolite retaliation from the people who have passed the sexist comments. In their article, Swim and Hyers conclude that most of the women in their studies have not responded as they would have liked to respond to the sexist comments that were directed at them. Women in different parts of the world face sexism in round about similar forms. However, it has recently been noticed that confronting sexism helps women more than if the decide to remain quiet and develop a private dislike towards it. Instances of confronting sexism are generally lower because women are mostly afraid to confront sexism publicly. This is mostly because they are fearful of the fact that they will be discriminated more and will become the main target of the people who they will try to confront. They therefore avoid confronting sexist remarks publicly in an attempt to prevent themselves from becoming the point of focus for the sexist comments that would come forward as a reaction to their confrontation. Women also fear confronting sexism publicly because they are unable to deal with the label of impolite and rude that is stuck with them after

Reply 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reply 1 - Coursework Example Unfortunately, he does not succeed in creating a creature that would be accepted by mankind and live harmoniously with other people. The wrath that the character possesses can be associated with harsh treatment that it receives from humans and lack of someone responsible to mentor it in acquiring social skills. It says, â€Å"All men hate the wretched; how then must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all living things!† (Shelley, ch.10, pg.83). Frankenstein fails to take responsibility for mentoring his creature to start thinking positively about its nature. He abandons it; a factor that exposes it to harsh treatment by other human beings, and also loneliness. Therefore, it starts to hate itself and humankind for the hardships of life that it experiences. Moreover, Frankenstein does not make any effort to defend his creature from being mistreated by other people within the society. He lets live miserably and starts blaming it for anything that goes wrong in his life. For instance, there is no substantial evidence to link the creature with the death of his brother. It is the hate that he has for the creature that makes him think that it handled the murder. He does not consider what if the creature visited the place where William died to mourn the death of its creator’s sibling because it would not be allowed to attend his burial

Analyze and evaluate Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken Essay

Analyze and evaluate Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken - Essay Example According to Larry Finger (1978), he once told an audience, â€Å"You have to be careful of that one; it’s a tricky poem - very tricky† (478) when referring to this poem. The title of the poem is â€Å"The Road Not Taken† rather than â€Å"The Road Less Taken† (emphasis added), which provides the first clue as to the author’s original intentions and a different reading of the poem. Understanding Frost’s background enables one to analyze the poem through each of its four stanzas and trace the linguistic tools used by the author to make his personal philosophical meaning clear. Robert Frost was born in 1874 in San Francisco, California. Although he lived in small apartments throughout the city during his first 11 years, Frost is more commonly associated with the natural scenes of the New England countryside that is used in his poetry (Parini 2000, 3). When his father died, Frost moved with his mother and sister to his paternal grandparents’ home in Massachusetts until his mother found a teaching post in nearby Salem. Life was always a struggle for Frost and his family, but he did well in school and helped on the farm and eventually earned a scholarship to Dartmouth, supplemented by his grandfather, in 1892. Soon after this and before receiving a degree, he returned home to take over his mother’s unruly classroom. He did this and other odd jobs until his secret fiancà © Eleanor graduated from St. Lawrence University and they could get married (Pirini 2000). Frost then began attending Harvard until it became necessary for him to support his gr owing family. His grandfather bought him a farm that Frost attempted to work, but he eventually returned to teaching, through it all demonstrating a heavy preference and talent in the area of literature. However, by this time, his writing was beginning to gain recognition and he was developing his own style and poetic approach. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†

2 Abstracts + behavior modification project Assignment

2 Abstracts + behavior modification project - Assignment Example Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. According to the results of the study, the occurrence of COPD in the age-adjusted sample population was 5.4%. Almost half of the individuals with COPD indicated fair/poor health compared with 15% of individuals without the disease. Furthermore, the occurrence of ≠¥14 unhealthy days over the past one month and fair/poor health state was higher for individuals with the diseases in contrast to those individuals who did not have the disease, that is 45% and 17% respectively. Individuals with COPD accounted for double the amount of unhealthy 24-hours in contrast to those without the disease. Individuals with COPD were expected to have lower intensity of HRQOL for each of the four unhealthy day determinants in contrast to individuals who do not have COPD. The results of the study revealed that there was a negative relationship between HRQOL and COPD as higher levels of COPD resulted in lower intensity of HRQOL. The reason behind this w as that appropriate looking after of COPD necessitates individuals to make significant lifestyle adjustments. These alterations entail both physical and behavioral changes that might result in psychological dysfunction. Thus, the study offered guidance for individuals to manage their disease and a framework for future policy decision making regarding people having such diseases. Miotto, De Coppi, Fre zza, Petretto, Masala, Preti, (2003) investigated the association between the tendency to be aggressive and eating disorder among school-aged adolescents. The aim of study was to prove the hypothesis of a positive connection between eating disorders and aggressiveness. The sample consisted of 1000 adolescents with ages ranging from 15 to 19 years. The instruments used to measure eating disorders among adolescents were Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh (BITE), Eating Attitude Test (EAT) and the Body

Civil Right Act Of 1968 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Right Act Of 1968 - Essay Example Before the civil rights era, the situations regarding the racial discrimination were very worse. White race was considered supreme and white Americans have the power to consider the black (Afro-Americans) as the underprivileged race. There was no equal education of the Black Americans, no equal employment, no equal housing. Black people were unable to buy a home even if they have the money to buy it. For this reason, black Americans demanded equal rights as that of the White Americans. Fair housing act was one of the demands that were debated and signed in 1968.Senator Edward Brooke of Massachusetts was the first African-American ever elected to Senate. He was unable to buy a home due to his race. After that issue, the fair housing act was debated in the Senate strongly. Senate Leader, â€Å"Everett Dirksen†, strongly supported the bill in the senate. It was thought at the earlier stage that the House of Representative would not gain a higher ratio of votes. However, the House of Representatives passed the bill due to urban unrest and militancy of African Americans movements.On 4th April 1968, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated and African Americans movements played part in riots, burning and looting in most cities. President Lyndon B. Johnson emphasized to pass the new civil rights bill to cool down the African Americans movements. On April 10, the fair housing act was passed and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to become a law the very next day.

Human Resource Planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource Planning - Case Study Example This paper outlines that it is also necessary to establish a framework for the competency of the team. This will involve all employees from every department within the organisation. It is also vital to consider the long-term requirements to make the framework more relevant. This involves the process of collecting information and hence the most important step that dictates the success of the entire project. It includes the adoption of the best techniques for collecting the information concerning the roles and responsibilities of each member. It includes observing people while they perform their roles in case of those that are observable, interviewing the workers to learn what people believe and know and creating a questionnaire that will assist in obtaining the most important data. There is the need for spending more time while considering the issues of validity and reliability of the data. The use of standardized job assessment questionnaires can greatly provide good assistance. It n ow follows the analysis of the work and includes an understanding of the behaviours used in performing the job. Key considerations may include business plans, objectives, strategies, job descriptions, principles of the organisation, future predictions as well as the needs of customers and suppliers. It is necessary to employ the best techniques to achieve accurate and comprehensive results. Moving to the next step means reorganizing the information gathered into greater competencies to help in analyzing and groupings of the data in an effective manner. The step requires the grouping of the skills and behaviours into core competencies.

Human Recources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Recources - Essay Example This needlessly and unreasonably marginalizes people categorized as being religious or belonging to any religion. Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act 1964 limits the abuse by any employer. It provides a guideline to the employers’ acts and decisions and to a certain extent even his belief towards managing his employees. Title 7 of the act states that it would be an unlawful employment practice if an employer intentionally or unintentionally tends to limit or classify his employees in any way that an employee is deprived of an opportunity towards the employment or affects the status of the individual. As part of the title 7 under the civil rights act 1964, constructive dismissal is considered as unfair and unlawful employment practices. The law prohibits firing employees without cause. Constructive dismissal is a way for an employer to circumvent the intentions of the civil rights act by creating such an atmosphere in a work place that an employee has no option but to resign. In th is case the former employee is alleging that the practice of constructive dismissal has taken place. ... s it prove that the employer was targeting any specific employee in order to get rid of the individual or creating circumstances for constructive dismissal. The former employee would need to prove that these changes in the factory scheduling had no other reason than to discriminate against certain religions. In order to successfully defend against these allegations and respond to the former employee’s allegations, the company has to show the necessity of the change in schedule and why it was inevitable for the management of the company to reverse back the change that was brought about. I believe if we can demonstrate that these changes were necessary for the business needs, we will be successful in our defense. Firstly, production facilities that use a just in time factory schedule for production might get raw material supplies at night. If such a company changes its factory schedule from day hours to night hours, some employees might not prefer the new schedule and would need to quit their jobs. In this case the company has a demonstrated need for a change in schedule and any employee no longer used to the new schedule cannot allege constructive dismissal. Second, instead of getting raw material supplied for production daily, the company shifts to buying raw material in bulk for the next week, in order to be more efficient. Again, the company needs to prove that this change might have not been suitable for certain employees but the change is clearly motivated by business needs rather than discrimination prohibited by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in order to reply to the employee’s charge of constructive dismissal. Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides a definition to religious discrimination by stating that it involves treating a person unfavorably

A Rhetorical Analysis Paper Essay Example for Free

A Rhetorical Analysis Paper Essay DR. Michael Hawes gave an informative speech on Economics, politics, pipelines and the election: as well as Canada-US relations in an increasingly complex world. He used a PowerPoint to portray his ideas and talked about topics such as roots of Canadian foreign policy, the rising impact of the U.S, free trade and North American integration, and diversification. His speech wasn’t that interesting to younger adult’s such as me because he talked a lot about politics but he was very funny keeping me entertained which is always a plus. He established a clear central thesis, although he said â€Å"this is my central thesis† and established his main points. He transitioned into each point individually and took time to explain each concept it took a long time but he didn’t shy away from all the details. Dr. Michael Hawes speech was credible because he is a professor of political science, a tireless advocate of international education, and a proud alumnus of the fullbright program. He assumed the leadership of Fulbright Canada in September of 2001 and has had the privilege of directing the program through some very exciting times. He is Chief Executive Officer of the Foundation for Educational Exchange between Canada and the United States of America, Executive Director of the Canada U.S. Fulbright Program, and Executive Director of the Killam Fellowships Program. Under his direction Fulbright Canada has witnessed dramatic growth in its programs and in the number of students and scholars that the program supports. DR. Michael Hawes appealed to the audience because he took his time to explain he concept he was talking about with full detail. He used statistics sparingly but with great effect because they were such interesting statistics. He was funny and made the audience laugh several times during his speech. He used a PowerPoint as a visual aid to we could clearly see the trends he was talking about and to see things visually which is always a plus. He appealed to me as a very funny but profession man who wasn’t just some stiff figure who made me fall to sleep. His body got pretty dull during the end though after the talk of politics and relations though. DR. Michael Hawes appealed to my emotions as well as the other audience members I believe because of his style. He didn’t stand at the podium and talk he actually came down at one point and still talked to us. He gave real and true eye contact. He showed passion and enthusiasm for the topics he was talking about and answered peoples questions at the end he didn’t understand one of the questions and you could tell but he still gave a pretty good answer to whatever he though the question was. In conclusion Dr. Michael Hawes I believe was a very good speaker one thing I didn’t like though was the PowerPoint and how he had to look at it to explain some of the concepts because it cut his connection with the audience. I left feeling good about the speech I just saw though maybe just a little bit tired though because it was long. I did learn a lot though from his presentation which was really nice, I also wanted to read up more about what he was talking and learn more about the topics he talked about after I got back to my dorm.

Disadvantages of IFRS for SMEs

Disadvantages of IFRS for SMEs International Financing Reporting can be referred to as a set of accounting standards developed by the International Accounting Standards Board which is applied when preparing the Financial Statement and Balance Sheet of a company. In providing a global framework, IFRS has its own specific goals of how public companies organize and disclose their financial statements. Definition of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) A small and medium sized enterprise (SME) is managed by self-employed people either in partnership or on their own. It tends to be companies that are independent. The definition of SME is different from one country to another, depending on how many employees that the companies have. According to Saleh (2006), Malaysias SME can be represented based on the turnover, size and activity of the company. SMEs criteria in Malaysia can be divided into three categories which are micro, medium and small enterprises and it has been classified into the contributions of the sectors based on full time employees and annual sales turnover. Based on Mohammad (2012), the definitions of SMEs in Malaysia as in year 2005 are as the table below: Definition of IFRS for SME IFRS for SMEs has been issued by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2009 (Goel, 2010). IFRS for a SME is based on the existing full set of IFRS, but it is customised to match the requirement of reporting and accounting in SMEs. It can also be defined as entities that publish general purpose financial statements for external users. The advantages and disadvantages of IFRS for SMEs There are a number of advantages and disadvantages in adopting IFRS for SMEs. One of the advantages in adopting IFRS for SMEs is enhancing the comparability of financial statements and improving access to international funding. Under IFRS for SMEs it uses different accounting method. As stated by (KPMG, 2010) the different in accounting treatment that IFRS for SMEs have which leads to less comparable than those that applying full IFRS and it can reduce the time as more entities adopt the standard thus the interpretation of the requirement in the standard become standardised. IFRS also can strengthen the SMEs position when negotiate with the credit institutions and when it has a positive effect that have on a credit ratings so this will reduce the cost of borrowing. For instance, the adoption of IFRS leads to an increase in equity ratio and revaluation of fixed assets. This is because IFRS information can help the SMEs in buying and selling goods or services to get new relationship with customers and suppliers in locally or internationally since the financial reporting has been standard by internationally. Besides that, IFRS for SMEs is less complex that has been simplified from the full IFRS. According to (Jayakumar, n.a), IFRS for SMEs has been simplified through the fundamental principles of full IFRS to make the accounting requirement less complex and also reduce the effort to produce the financial statements which International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has removed some number of accounting option that have in full IFRS. In contrast, Accounting Standards Committee of German (2008) supported that the preparation of financial statement in IFRS for SMEs is time, effort and cost intensive that not all requirements and issues in the ED (Exposure Draft) IFRS for SMEs were carefully understood and correctly applied by the participants. This is because German is a tax driven in the financial statement rather than economically relevant values. Furthermore, some people suggest that IFRS for SMEs is not applicable to adopt and it should be rejected. For instance, based on Samujh (2007), New Zealand is not appropriate to adopt IFRS for SMEs because of balancing principles, practicality and politics might be difficult for the country to converge the standards with the global standards. The adoption of IFRS for SMEs will affect the current reporting regulation in New Zealand. Other than that, IFRS for SMEs especially in developing countries is difficult to manage because of some limited resources in that country. As mentioned by Bohusova et. al (2011), SMEs for developing countries is difficult to cope with typical SMEs challenges such as limited human resources and limited financial and the decision to adopt the IFRS is based on their economic growth, existence in the capital market and others. The disadvantage of IFRS for SMEs is it can create a possible confusion in the marketplace. For instance, in adopting IFRS for SMEs there is a relevant regulation that some country must to follow before or after the adopting such as in Germany, they are using tax accounting in their financial statement prepared by German GAAP. However, as stated by Kemp (2009), in Australia there are many issues that should be considered from the lawmakers in measuring the appropriate IFRS for SMEs that create two versions of GAAP which are full IFRS and IFRS for SMEs which make additional training, and transition issues between these two versions. Additionally, the accounting software is not consistent so the users should be educated in the new standard because it keeps changing. The financial statement must be comparable and clearly understandable so that it would be easier for the user to compare the performance. According to Miller (2010), the changes for accounting software and lending agreement will be required such as the changes in the new standard which need the users of financial statements to be educated and some company want to change their accounting firm that the company needs to find a firm that know how to apply of IFRS for SMEs. Overall, IFRS for SMEs is easier for the user to use instead of applying full IFRS. This is because, full IFRS will give a burden for the user as IFRS has become more detail and more countries have started to use IFRS since full IFRS is too complex to use. An arguments and debates in adopting IFRS for SMEs. Based on IASB, there is more than 50 jurisdictions decided in full IFRS must be compulsory by all the entities in the SMEs and when the full IFRS is adequate for all entities, then the IFRS for SMEs will be appropriate. In contrast with Neag,R. et al. (2009) suggested that IFRS for SMEs is not compulsory for all entities. This has been proved by Deloitte (2013) that not all jurisdictions have adopted the full IFRS, the full IFRS is adopting only for the jurisdictions that do not have their own accounting systems. Other than that, as stated by Reilly (2009), IFRS for SMEs has more simplified standard that is appropriate for the bigger unlisted companies to follow and by adopting IFRS for SMEs can save amount of money for those who in unlisted companies that have adopted full IFRS. He also suggest that some argue that unlisted companies that are preparing the financial statement should be applied for IFRS for SMEs and the debate on this issues is the IFRS for SMEs standard needs some cost to adopt but it is too complex for small unlisted entities. As mentioned by Stokdyk (2010), he recommended that IFRS for SMEs was best suitable for the large and medium sized entities reporting under full IFRS. Moreover, some people argued that no one want an option in the IFRS for SMEs. This is because the countries not often to have an option in financial reporting. For instance, in German about 80 per cent German companies do not want to adopt IFRS for SMEs in their present draft form because they encountered difficulties when asked for the financial information for the German manufacturer that exports to the US and would produce information that prepared by German Commercial Code (Canham, 2008). When a countries change the financial reporting standards it will be difficult for the company to use the new standards. There is the other debate about the differential reporting that was an important issue in Australia. According to Faux (2005), in early 1980s, the differential reporting was an importance issue that the country should be considered when the accounting regulators were developing a framework for their financial reporting. The regulators focus on financial reporting that should be provide the general purpose information to the needs of wide-ranging of users who are unable to knowledge the preparation of the financial reports that was tailored to their own needs. As a conclusion, IFRS for SMEs is more appropriate for international demand especially for the developed and emerging economies which a common set of accounting standards in the smaller and medium sized enterprises is easier for the user to use than the full set of IFRS. Why choosing Malaysia in IFRS for SME? SME companies have an important position in the economy, most importantly in developed and developing economies. Malaysia is one of an emerging economy in Asia. Thus, Malaysia want to adopt the IFRS for SMEs in order to improve confidence in the accounts of SMEs, to reduce the cost that is involved in maintaining the standards since IFRS for SMEs is more cost effective to produce, and to improve the comparability for users of accounts of financial statements across different industries. History and regulations of accounting for IFRS and SMEs in Malaysia. In June 2005, the definition of SME across the economic sectors was approved by the National SME Development Council with endorsement from all the Government Ministries and Agencies as well as financial institutions that are involved in SMEs in Malaysia (National SME Development Council, 2005). In 2006, Malaysia was introduced two-tier reporting framework issued by Malaysia Accounting Standards (MASB) for the companies in Malaysia which are MASB had approved Financial Reporting Standard (FRS) for non-private entities and the Private Entity Reporting Standards (PERs) for the private entities with the objective to reduce the burden of private entities in the financial reporting compliance. Other than that, in August 2008, Malaysia had brought the Financial Reporting Standards (FRSs) into full conjunction with IFRS. As stated by (Malaysian Institute of Accountants, n.a), in 1 August 2008 the Financial Reporting Foundation (FRF) and MASB announced a plan to bring full convergence with the IFRS which is the full compliance with IFRS for the financial reporting system in Malaysia by 1 January 2012. Therefore, the plan that made by MASB and FRF create an exposure draft issued by MASB. MASB Exposure Draft 75 IFRS-compliant Financial Reporting Standards that was issued by MASB on 28 June 2011 result in the Malaysian financial reporting framework being standard with IFRS-compliant financial reporting framework. While in 2010, ED 72 FRS for SMEs has been issued by MASB. According to (MIA, n.a), MASB issued MASB ED 72 FRS for SMEs in 26 March 2010 for the SMEs in Malaysia to use by users that required to publish general financial statement purpose for the external users and do not have public accountability. Other than that, the purpose of IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia is to reduce the detailed requirements under the full IFRS for small entities since full IFRS is too complex for small entities to apply. In Malaysia, the IFRS for SMEs was issued ED 72 in March 2010 (MASB, n. a). Thus, ED 72 is identical with the IFRS for SMEs that was issued by IASB. IASB issued the IFRS for SMES in July 2009 (MASB, 2010). Generally, Malaysia is in the process in adopting IFRS for SMEs that is expected to be issued in 2013. The revisions of the IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia will be in 2015 on the any amendments to the IFRS for SMEs. According to IFRS (2013), during the first half of year 2013, Malaysia is expected to be issued FRS for SMEs and it will be effective for annual periods on or after 1 January 2016 of the new framework for the private entities. This means that, MASB is considering replacing the PERS framework in Malaysia to IFRS for SMEs in 2016. The relevance and appropriateness of IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia. As we know that, full IFRS is too complex to apply for small entities. Therefore, to make an appropriate for smaller entities, Malaysia needs IFRS for SMEs to provide self-contained in the set of accounting principles which is based on full IFRS. Malaysia makes a modification in IFRS for SMEs from the full IFRS founded from the needs of users in SMEs financial statements which is based on the topics that are not relevant to the SMEs, hence they will eliminate the topics and remove the choices for accounting treatment to make it simple. Other than that, they are also simplifying the methods for the measurement and recognition for the IFRS for SMEs. However, Malaysia has two frameworks which are PERs and MFRs. The problems occur when comparing these two frameworks according to current documentation and its interpretations. Since IFRS for SMEs is new to the reporting entities, the practices and interpretation of it must be develop from time to time. For example, the entities must considered for cost intensive when they want to change PERs to adopt IFRS for SMEs which they have to pay more to adopt a new standard in the entities. As stated by Yusoff (2009), the Companies Commission will come out in advance with some of the recommendations that have been made by Company Law Reform Committee in Malaysia including the introduction of a threshold before an audit is required. Normally, most countries do not have across the board audit requirements except for Malaysia. In Malaysia, the foreign investors and inactive companies must be audited so the auditors to SMEs would be valuable because this forces them to be independent and could refuse the business advice to fulfil the professional requirements. Other than that, SMEs have to face with tough competition in a liberalized environment and they need to produce quality goods at a competitive price in order to compete in the market. By having the changes to IFRS for SMEs would give SMEs in Malaysia to have more capabilities to face stiff competition in the market by having rational strong external financial reporting to make sure it access to capital is not compromised (Yusoff, 2009). When Malaysias SMEs react quickly of their global competitors, they will encourage the innovation and the regulation would change. Furthermore, the adoption of IFRS for SMEs has been issued by MASB and IFRS for SMEs can provide growing business which they required to apply full Malaysian FRSs. However, in 2011, MASB approved another framework for accounting in IFRS for SMEs. According to Farmer (2011), Malaysia has agreed to have a new accounting framework based on the Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards (MFRS Framework) approved by MASB on 19 November 2011 and it is applicable from 1st January 2012. Hence, Malaysian SMEs can choose either to continue to apply PERS or the new MFRS Framework. Therefore, the IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia is relevant since its accounting framework in IFRS for SMEs is separate from the full IFRS. Based on (MASB, 2010), at the international level, IFRS is separate with the accounting framework in IFRS for SMEs thus it is not affect MASBs IFRS convergence with policy in 2012 since Malaysia have the decision on whether to adopt the standard or not. In contrast with New Zealand, the IFRS for SMEs is uncertainty relevant in their countries because this country must bear the cost for implementing and maintaining in both full IFRS and IFRS for SMEs (Samujh, 2007). The stability of economy and political in Malaysia has created more investors to invest in Malaysia. This has been proved by Bernama (2012), Mustapa Mohamad who is the Minister of International Trade and Industry said that there were four SMEs from Japan that want to invest in agriculture, manufacturing and green energy industry in Malaysia which is some of them have bought land to start the operation in Malaysia. Malaysia also has developed infrastructure similar with other western country which lead for Malaysia to be a host of other services that result in this country to become a good place for the investors because of Malaysias economic and political stability (Malaysian Dutch Business Council, n.a). When Malaysia adopts IFRS for SMEs, the standard will be the same with international. Thus, it will be easier for the investor to invest in the SMEs in Malaysia since the financial reporting has been standardised. In Malaysia, the important contribution of SMEs is in terms of its economic growth, employment and exports. According to Ministry of International Trade and Industry (2013), SMEs contribute to the economy in terms of Gross Domestic Products GDP for 30%, for the total work force is 56.4% and in terms of total exports is 19%. SMEs play an important role in the economy of Malaysia in generating economic growth for the country. Other than that, the SME sector contains 99.2 per cent of all businesses in Malaysia (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 2013). Finally, as a conclusion IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia is appropriate to apply because it is under control by MASB. As stated by Godfrey et. al, (2007), MASB has a fully responsible for the development of the accounting standards in Malaysia. They are also having the power to issue new accounting standards, make any changes to propose the accounting standards when it is necessary to change and others. Other than that, SME Corp was established in Malaysia to monitor and evaluate the application of strategies, policies and the development in the SMEs across all economic sectors (Hashim, 2009 pp.269-295). Besides that, currently Malaysia is an advisory for all SMEs in Malaysia and a central point as the reference information for the users in SMEs. (Total Words Amount: 2994)

Treatment Options in Recurrent GBM Research

Treatment Options in Recurrent GBM Research Strategies for clinical applications The multi-omics data may also reveal important leads for therapeutic applications. A very recent review on GBM, reported outcomes of clinical trials investigating current treatment options in recurrent GBM, including anti-angiogenic, signaling pathway blockade and immunotherapy based approaches (1). However the genetic and cellular heterogeneity reflects in the modest results obtained so far. This necessitates identification and validation of better therapeutic targets and active strategies to combat GBM. Some novel strategies are showing promise in Phase II trials and preliminary data is becoming available, such as, EGFRvIII peptide vaccine, Rindopepimut; CD95 targeted monoclonal antibody, APG100 and multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor cabozantinib (1). A multi-pronged approach targeting a panel of proteins may thus hold the key to eliciting a synergistic response and prove more beneficial than current treatment modalities targeting individual markers. When it comes to circulat ory or plasma-based biomarkers, in view of the technical limitations encountered in deep and direct plasma analysis as discussed earlier, alternate methods which would allow prediction of tumor related molecules and their targeted exploration would be highly useful. One of the outcomes of the study was the identification of effective strategies for data analysis and integration, facilitated by the bioinformatics tools available today. It shows experimental identification of proteins passed through the screen to ensure analytical rigor and functional relevance as above (Stage 1). Biologically important and potential tumor specific proteins identified in expression studies are then assessed for their secretory potential based on computational prediction algorithms for signal peptide and transmembrane domain containing proteins, such as, SignalP and TMHMM, respectively and via non-classical secretory mechanisms using SecretomeP. These proteins are further prioritized based on their de tectability and occurrence in proteomic data for secretome, CSF and plasma analysis (normal or patient) (Stage 2). The potential secretory candidates are then explored in plasma in a targeted manner (Stage 3). Interestingly, some of these proteins were identified in analysis of plasma or CSF from GBM patients (2, 3). Once bioinformatically scrutinized as above and compiled, the candidate biomarker panels, can be subjected to validation and experimentation in cohorts of tissue sections, blood plasma/serum specimens from patients (Stage 4). We believe construction of such high confidence protein panels would be a valuable paradigm for studies in larger cohorts in clinical experimental designs. High confident lead candidates for experimental application GBM Secreted proteins Secreted proteins have an integral role in GBM tumorigenesis through cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis besides being important in normal physiological processes and thus instrumental to the discovery of cancer biomarkers. Besides being useful as markers for typing the tumor, their presence in easily accessible body fluids makes them useful for monitoring the disease progression or treatment response and recurrence. A thorough survey of all available literature was done to identify the several candidate biomarkers have been reported in serum or plasma of GBM patients and these are shown in Table 1 in Chapter 1. However, such potential and promising new biomarkers are yet to be rigorously evaluated for application against this unmet need. Non-invasive methods based on circulatory biomarkers would be useful for monitoring not only GBM patients but also for lower grades Grade II and III tumors that exhibit longer survival periods. Further, some new reports on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) that have identified in the plasma of GBM patients such as mutated IDH1 DNA (4), methylated MGMT DNA (5) and EGFRvIII mutant DNA (6). The highly sensitive sequencing based methods for detection of circulatory tumor DNA (ctDNA) in patients plasma are under progress (7). These ctDNA markers shed by dead tumor cells may surface in future to be reasonable indicators for tumor diagnostics. Kinases in GBM Identification of GnRH signaling pathway using an alternate approach As mentioned in Chapter 2, I used alternate approaches to enhance pathway views by targeting specific protein families, i.e. kinases. Protein kinases (PKs) are well known therapeutic targets in different cancers and a family of proteins that are major components of signal transduction pathways acting as membrane receptors (RTKs) or as intracellular signaling mediators (non-receptor PKs) and several protein kinases have been implicated in gliomagenesis (8, 9). Several studies have also shown altered expression of protein kinases in GBM and targeted therapies directed towards RTKs using kinase inhibitors are in clinical trials (10, 11). There is renewed optimism in the use of kinase inhibitors to treat GBM (12). New therapeutic strategies have emerged that use multi-targeted kinase inhibitors to simultaneously disrupt multiple kinases (13). The GBM data was found to be enriched with several kinases. A total of 102 kinases were present in GBM datasets; 77 different kinases in transcript omics data and 30 kinases in proteomics data with 26 in common between them.   Pathway analysis using these kinases revealed GnRH signaling as the top pathway that has still not investigated in the context of GBM. We observe an overall enrichment of about 129 entities from omics datasets of which 26 kinases and 57 non-kinase members are coming from the concordant (n=711) transcriptome and proteome dataset. The 26 concordant kinases along with their fold changes are shown in the Figure 48 below. A large proportion of GnRH pathway entities include kinases (MAPKs, CAMKs, and RTKs) that enabled its identification as a top pathway using this approach. A targeted search of other non-kinase members of the pathway resulted in additional members of the pathway in omics datasets that further increased its significance value. In GBM, it has been shown that human GnRH receptors are expressed in tumor cells and receptor activation affects apoptosis, adhesion and angiogenesis to promote tumorigenesis. GnRH signalling as a possible therapeutic target in cancer has already been suggested and put together with my observations it strongly supports this possibility in the context of GBM. The expanded hand-curated map of GnRH signaling is a valuable resource for the scientific community. Expression of GnRH and GnRH receptor has been reported in GBM cell lines and tissue samples at both mRNA and protein levels concordant with clinical data obtained using GBM tumor tissues and treatment with GnRH agonists resulted in anti-proliferative activity (14-16).There is also evidence that the analogues can cross the blood-brain barrier, indicating suitability for treatment of malignant glioblastomas (17). Given the significance of this pathway in cancers and GBM, further understanding the molecular interplay involving GnRH signalling pathway in light of my findings will reveal is use as a potential molecular and therapeutic target.      Ã‚   Glioma Amplicon and Risk Regions The protein coding genes implicated in Glioma and other cancers were clustered based on their chromosomal locations using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis tools to compute overlaps with positional gene sets from Molecular Signatures database and further clustered based on proximity to other known oncogenes from Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology data resource, to identify colocalized gene clusters on Chr. 12 and other chromosomes as shown in Chapter 3. An important finding was that larger number of overexpressed differential regulated genes in glioma datasets mapped to two significant regions the glioma amplicon (n=37) in 12q13-15 region and the glioma susceptibility (n=16) in the 12p13 region implicated as a major risk region in patients with a family history of gliomas. The discovery of these two clusters of overexpressed genes provides a biological validation of mass-spectrometry derived data. Apart from these two essential regions, several genes from the glioma dataset were found to cluster around amplicons on other chromosomes and other known cancer associated genes that were not identified in GBM datasets but present in close proximity to them. These can be investigated in a more targeted manner in glioma.   Many studies have been done to understand the biological significance of these amplicon regions in gliomas that indicate that these amplifications are more frequent in gliomas than previously thought and have different distribution patterns in low grade versus high grade tumors (18, 19). Overall, a relative high degree of amplifications and deletions are seen in GBM that have implications on the expression of the genes involved and contribute to relevant pathogenic genes (20). Novel genes and isoforms Alternative splicing increases the repertoire of protein functionality and heterogeneity and aberrant splicing events have been frequently seen in several cancers, including GBM and increasing evidence now points to their important role in tumor initiation and progression. The concept of proteogenomics has emerged rapidly as a valuable approach to integrate mass spectrometry (MS)-derived proteomic data with transcriptomic data to identify novel splice variants. However, the role of alternative splicing in GBM is still nascent and needs to be explored as potential biomarkers or molecular targets. As detailed in Chapter 4, the identification of a novel variant of NCAM1, using a proteogenomics approach with 5 peptide evidences from MS data spanning a novel exonic region, is very significant finding in GBM. NCAMs are well characterized glycoproteins that mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion among neurons and between neurons and muscle. Several splice variants of NCAM1 have been identified (21, 22) and alterations in these have been found in serum and tissues of brain tumors (23, 24). NCAM1 has 5 known isoforms and also exhibits glycoforms as it can be post-translationally modified by the addition of polysialic acid (PSA), which is thought to abrogate its homophilic binding properties and affect the adhesive properties of NCAM (25). Further, PSA conjugated NCAM, was shown to potentiate migration via FGFR signaling distinct from its adhesion capability (26).   The following observations may be noted with respect to this novel variant: The observation is supported in transcriptomics data in 18 out of 25 RNAseq samples. Multiple gene modelling software such as Augustus, GenScan, AceView and Ensemble support the presence of this novel exon in their gene models and a high degree of conservation was seen as expected for an exonic region. This variant was also separately identified in MS-derived Human Proteome and IvyGAP RNAseq datasets NCAM1 is upregulated in several cancers; however, in GBM both transcript and protein data support its down regulation.   We observed two known forms of NCAM1 as well as the novel form to be down regulated. It is interesting to note that the miRNA (hsa-mir-30a-5p) that regulates NCAM1 is upregulated in GBM indicating the deregulation of a putative oncogenic cascade. In summary, our findings demonstrate the usefulness of combining omics approaches to identify novel putative candidates in GBM. Although, it is not clear if the novel splice variant represents a major or minor form of NCAM1. At the transcript level, it seems to be a minor component; however, preliminary assessment at the protein level is suggestive of it being a predominant form. Regardless, it would be interesting to explore the biological significance of the novel splice variant of NCAM1 and examine its role in GBM tumorigenesis. Hence, in the light of this observation my identification of novel NCAM1 splice variant through proteogenomics analysis using GBM RNAseq data is a very important finding in GBM. The effect of this novel variant on cell-cell adhesion and migration in GBM needs to be further investigated in a targeted manner. Disease implications and targeted analysis Studies suggest that gliomas constitute a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease caused by the malignant growth of glial cells that nourish neurons, resulting in a loss of brain function. Glutamate excitotoxicity is observed in several neurological diseases, which is also utilized by gliomas to gain growth advantage (27). My observations that neurological conditions like Alzhiemers and Parkinsons disease share many common genes with gliomas possible indicate shared molecular mechanisms inducing neurodegeneration. Further, the chromosomal mapping of glioma differentials revealed two clusters; one around 12p13 implicated as a glioma risk region and another around 12q13-15 region harboring a glioma amplicon with several overexpressed and amplified genes. Hence, extracting gene/disease associations and generation of a glioma-centric functional and diseasome network is important for understanding GBM tumorigenesis. Further, this region was found to be enriched in several cancers in cluding other brain neoplasms and neurological diseases that may share disease genes and processes with gliomas. Only 22 of the observed 108 disease genes in the diseasome network were identified in our proteomic analysis. The other 86 disease genes implicated in gliomas but not identified in our dataset can be investigated in a more targeted manner in gliomas, providing a global view of linkages between disease phenotypes. Additionally, the finding that chromosomal proximity of genes may have an impact on their functions can be used to explore the functions of missing proteins mapping within functional cassettes of related protein/genes. Such investigations offer newer paradigms that may be valuable to investigate and present clinically important targets. Future Scope Metabolomic data integration and potential Compared to the genome and proteome, metabolome represents the phenotypic changes more closely and has already been investigated for malignancies such as breast, ovarian, colon, prostrate and esophageal cancers. This line of investigation has been extended to gliomas albeit on a smaller scale, revealing novel insights into the role of metabolites in GBM tumorigenesis (reviewed in ref. (28)). Previous studies have revealed how mutations can lead to generation of oncometabolites such as 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) specifically in IDH1 mutated gliomas (29). The discovery by Otto Warburg that cancer cells prefer to metabolize glucose through a seemingly inefficient process of aerobic glycolysis   led to the application of 18-FDG-PET imaging to predict the histological grade of gliomas.   Using this technique we could now distinguish low grade gliomas that have low specific uptake (SUV) values from grade III and IV that have higher SUVs.   One study performed global metabolic profilin g using mass-spectrometry coupled to liquid/gas chromatography on patient derived tumor samples and found increased levels of glutathione, tryptophan and metabolites associated with phentose phosphate and nucleotide synthesis and glycolytic intermediates such as phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and 3-phosphoglycerate (30). These studies have collectively provided a window of opportunity for further investigation and integrating these changes with the changes at proteomic, transcriptomic and genomic levels will be the next big step in to study the underlying biology of these tumors. Improving pathway analysis with phosphoproteomics data Protein phosphorylation plays a central role in transmitting the signal from outside the cell through a cascade effect into an intracellular signal to control the biochemical pathways in all living cells. This mechanism of activation or deactivation can be orchestrated by protein kinases via phosphorylation and phosphatases via dephosphorylation. Modifications to these signaling networks via mutations or abnormal protein expression or post-translational modifications may underlie both development and progression of tumorigenesis. Glioma Repository In order to facilitate annotation of key terms and manage the collection of high-throughput data coming from different omics technologies and platforms and make it easier to store and retrieve large amounts of information, I proposed to a schema for data annotation, collection and deposition. The data will be stored in the backend, in separate tables in a relational database (RDBMS), to enable effortless retrieval of key information for particular candidates of interest and also allow for complex querying. The outline for the schema is given below. Figure 49: Schema for development of a glioma repository

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

The Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that may develop in people after a horrible experience. This is a big reaction to extreme stress. There are many causes, symptoms, and treatments for the post-traumatic stress disorder. There are many causes this disorder has, and this includes: coming out of war, being raped, or attacked, child abuse, natural disasters, car accidents, and even people who witness traumatic events could develop this disorder. A person who has experienced a bad traumatic event has a better chance of developing this disorder than a person who experienced a less traumatic event develops. This works the same way with people who witness something horrible. Some people also have biological or psychological problems that make them more likely to develop this disorder. Or having anxiety disorders in their families that may have inherited genetics to react more severely to stress and trauma than other people. Persons early childhood experiences that made them feel that events are uncontrollable have a greater chance of getting this disorder. Some people are kind of like protected from this disorder by having a strong social network with their friends and family. In war veterans they call this disorder shell shock or combat fatigue. People with this disorder "relive" the event again and again though nightmares and memories during the day. They will sometimes have flashbacks where they will fall into their own world and relive images, and sounds from the trauma. Because of their extreme anxiety and distress from the event, they will try to avoid anything that would happen to remind them of it. They may seem emotionally numb, detached, irritable, and easily startled. They may feel guilty about surviving a traumatic event that killed other people because they now think that they should have done something. Other symptoms include trouble concentrating, depression, and sleep difficulties. Symptoms of the disorder usually begin shortly after the traumatic event, but some people may not show symptoms for several years. If left untreated, the disorder can last for years. Post-traumatic stress disorder can ruin someone's life. The emotional pain of reliving the trauma, the symptoms of the disorder may cause a person to think that he or she is "going crazy." People with this disorder may have angry outbursts at family members. At other times, they may seem to have no affection for their loved ones. Some people try to mask their symptoms by abusing alcohol or drugs. Others work very long hours to prevent any down periods when they might relive the trauma. Such actions may delay the onset of the disorder until these individuals retire or become sober.

A Critical Evaluation of Assisi by Norman MacCaig Essay -- Assisi Norm

A Critical Evaluation of Assisi Q: Choose a poem in which the poet has put across a definite point of view. By close reference to the poetic techniques used, show how successful the poet has been in making you share his/ her point of view. â€Å"Assisi† by Norman MacCaig is an intriguing and thought-provoking poem, which has put across a definite point of view to me which I believe is that all people should be treated equally and we should try to help those less fortunate than ourselves. In this essay I will show how successful the poet has been in making me share his point of view, with the help of literary techniques such as language, word – choice and imagery. Norman MacCaig has put across a definite point of view for me and has been successful in making me share this view by using thoughtful and intense language. The first aspect of language, which he uses is metaphor in the beginning of the poem when he is describing the dwarf sitting outside the church. He uses metaphor as he says, â€Å"The dwarf with his hands on backwards Sat, slumped like a half – filled sack On tiny twisted legs from which Sawdust might run.† The metaphor here of the dwarf sitting like a ‘half filled sack’ is describing the dwarf and how he has a deformed body. He is being compared to looking like a sack, which is slumped and half empty. This is effective as it seems as though the dwarf cannot help himself and he is sitting there waiting for help. MacCaig tells us that he is a dwarf therefore he will be very short and â€Å"hands on backwards† and â€Å"tiny twisted legs† portrays his deformity as I can envisage his legs dangling from his body. Also as he is sitting like a â€Å"half –filled sack† it seems to me that he cannot do an... ...ered after him as he scattered The grain of the Word.† This shows me MacCaig is comparing the tourists to the birds and the Priest to the sower. He does not approve of the actions as it is compared to the parable of the sower of when he scatters the grain and the birds flutter after it. He does not approve of the tourists fluttering after the word and ignoring the poor dwarf, when in actual fact they should be helping him. In conclusion, â€Å"Assisi† by Norman MacCaig is an intriguing and though-provoking poem, which has put across a definite point of view for me, which I believe is that all people should be treated equally and that we should help those less fortunate than ourselves. In this I essay I have shown how successful the poet was in making me share this view by using his thoughtful and intense language, word-choice and imagery techniques.

Immigration to the United States and America

Immigration Jennifer Lippert ENG/102 March 12, 2012 Dr. Kimberly Stanley In the United States of America, we live in a sea of opportunity. Many people come from other countries to live in America to explore those opportunities, but the laws governing immigration have failed to change with the ever-increasing immigrant population. We watch as Border States deal with the rising costs to support immigrants and wonder whether this was what the founding fathers had in mind when the first Immigration Laws were passed.We wonder about the effects on America’s economy as our immigrant population work in this country then send these U. S. dollars to their home country to support their families. We observe an ever-changing landscape continually affected by the legal and illegal immigrants who land in our great country. We contemplate whether America is the land of opportunity and the land of the free, or simply a place for immigrants to land and live for free. As citizens, it is not only our right, but also our duty, to question our leaders and our laws particularly when those laws no longer appear to fit America’s vision.Immigration laws have remained stagnant for far too long and, although immigrants were the founding fathers of our nation, it is time to examine America’s position before the social and economic costs become insurmountable. America’s founding fathers believed that immigration was necessary to increase the population of our country, but also believed that they must prove a loyalty only to America to become citizens. Beginning with George Washington, in the late eighteenth century, a statement was made that immigrants should be integrated into American life so that Fonte  Ã‚  (n. . ) â€Å"by an intermixture with our people, they, or their descendants, get assimilated to our customs, measures, laws: in a word soon become one people. â€Å"This then became a new basis for immigration. In this case, the term â€Å"assimilates † means to conform to a way of life. In a 1790 speech to Congress about immigration, James Madison argued that America should welcome those immigrants who could be incorporated into our society, but exclude those immigrants that could not readily assimilate.Thomas Jefferson was convinced that immigrants were not prepared for the new society America was building and thought the country should wait another 27 year before opening its shores. In fact, when addressing immigration in Notes on the State of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson wrote: Fonte  Ã‚  (n. d. ) They will bring with them the principles of the governments they leave, imbibed in their early youth; or, if able to throw them off, it will be in exchange for an unbounded licentiousness, passing, as is usual, from one extreme to another. It would be a miracle were they to stop precisely at the point of temperate liberty.These principles, with their language, they will transmit to their children. In proportion to their number s, they will share with us the legislation. They will infuse into it their spirit, warp and bias its direction, and render it a heterogeneous, incoherent, distracted mass. In other words, by allowing a mass immigration into such a new society, America could be allowing the immigrant population to distort the principles established by our new laws and policies. To some degree, Alexander Hamilton echoed the thoughts of Thomas Jefferson, but his emphasis was on the threat to national safety.His concern was in granting citizenship to every immigrant upon arrival in the country. He believed that there should be some proof of allegiance to America before any rights were given to new immigrants. However, both Jefferson and Hamilton shared the same beliefs that immigrants should conform to the ways of America and leave their old government attachments behind. After much debate, it appeared that Jefferson and Hamilton could claim a small victory. The Naturalization Law of 1795 was passed, wh ich required that before becoming American citizens, immigrants would have to â€Å"renounce under oath† all previous sovereign allegiances.This â€Å"renunciation clause† remains part of the naturalization law and part of the oath to the U. S. Constitution that all new citizens must take. (Fonte,  n. d. ). Changes in immigration laws over the past two centuries have certainly contributed to the overall rise in U. S. immigration statistics, but it would take almost a century before the first amendment to that law would take shape. The Naturalization Law of 1795 required five years of residence and a three-year waiting period before citizenship was granted. This allowed new immigrants the opportunity to assimilate and demonstrate allegiance to America. However, by 1868, with he end of the Civil War, the population was burgeoning with ex-slaves and their descendants who had been brought to this country without the rights of citizenship. In fact, in 1857, the Supreme Co urt ruled that African Americas were not citizens and were not entitled to the rights and privileges of citizenship. In order to rectify the situation, the Fourteenth amendment was passed which granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States of America. Interestingly enough, it would take another war and its devastation to bring about a new amendment to U. S. immigration law in 1921 with the Emergency Quota Act.Following World War I, the country faced widespread unemployment and an anti-immigration uprising. This Act limited the number of immigrants allowed to enter America from any country on an annual basis to three percent of the number of residents from that same country according to the 1910 census with the hope of maintaining the ethnic composition of America. While the quota system remained in effect until 1965, there was one additional revision to the Emergency Quota Act in 1952 with the Immigration Act of 1952, which revised the quotas and elimin ated racial distinctions from immigration policy.National quotas were eventually abolished entirely in the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 at the height of the Civil Rights movement, changing the face of America, as it was then known. According to 2011 Census statistics, the U. S. immigrant population continues to change the face of America. Not only do non-whites account for ninety two percent of the U. S. population growth in the past ten years, but also forty million foreign-born individuals now reside in the United States, making up almost thirteen percent of our population.Most of this population lives in metropolitan areas rather than the suburbs, with estimates as high as fifty percent of the population in twenty-two large cities across America. In fact, nine metropolitan areas saw their immigrant population double in the last ten years, but the five cities with the largest immigrant populations (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami and Houston) actually d ecreased their share of this part of the population over the last ten years dropping to a total of 38 percent of the population in 2010 compared to 43 percent in 2000.In some areas of the country, rapid growth in immigration population may create policy backlashes, which could ultimately threaten these places’ long-standing economic comfort. Given the current economic climate and high unemployment rates, do the most recent census figures show any relationship with rising immigration levels? The best available evidence suggests that neither legal nor unauthorized immigration is the cause of high unemployment, and that the higher wages and purchasing power which formerly unauthorized immigrants would enjoy were they to receive legal status would sustain new jobs (American Immigration Council,  2012).In order to make informed decisions regarding immigration reform, however, we cannot limit our assessment to the changing face of our nation; we must also examine the economic cos t to the United States. Recent studies have shown that the United States spends $113 billion annually to support both legal and illegal immigrants, but much of the total U. S. burden is borne by only a few Border States. California, for example, reports spending close to ten billion dollars a year to support its immigration population, which now accounts for almost forty three percent of its total population.Texas reports spending $4. 5 to $6 billion per year sustaining its illegal immigrant population and Arizona drops $2. 7 billion on its immigrant population. While Border States would likely argue for more stringent laws to limit the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country in order to lessen their burden, there are also States that would argue against reform to the immigration system due to its projected adverse effect on their economy. For instance, Kansas has reported that it could possibly lose up to $57. 3 million in their income if stricter immigration laws come in to affect.They claim that with change in immigration laws only comes a higher tax for their state. Kansas also claims that the State will lose millions of dollars in court costs alone if the law makes it difficult for immigrants to live and work in their State. As staggering as these numbers are, other studies show that immigrants have actually boosted the U. S. economy by bringing in $245 million to the gross domestic product. This estimate, however, is nothing compared to estimated wages of foreign employees working in the United States for less than one year which grew from $550 million in $1980 to $8. billion in 2003. These earnings, in turn, are partially returned to immigrant workers’ home countries to help support families in the form of remittances out of the United States. In fact, a study by the Bureau of Economic Analysis in 2003 reported that â€Å"a considerable share of all immigration is motivated at least in part by the opportunity to send home remittances. à ¢â‚¬  According to the study, workers’ remittances from the United States went from $4. 1 billion in 1981 to $25. 5 billion in 2003. While these reported numbers sound staggering, remittances are not considered to have a negative impact on the U.S. economy. In fact, the study also notes that remittances exceed U. S. government provided development assistance to developing countries and may be partially responsible for keeping the cost of such assistance down. America is the land of opportunity. When we look at current immigration laws, our founding fathers’ vision for growth in this country remains intact. In fact, the ideas brought forth by Jefferson and Hamilton for allegiance to the country is still a part of the renunciation oath taken by all new citizens.By the numbers, there is evidence to support immigration reform and there is evidence that the influx of immigrants to the United States actually help our economy. Until the country can come together as a whole t o fully support immigration reform, it is likely that it will take another catastrophic event to catapult immigration to the forefront of American policy reform. References Kerwin, D. (2011). Fixing Immigration. (cover story). America, 205(18), 12. Fonte, J. (n. d. ). To â€Å"Possess the National Consciousness of an American†. Retrieved from http://www. cis. org Frey, W. H. , Berube, A. , Singer, A. & Wilson, J. (2011, December). Five things the census revealed about America in 2011. State of Metropolitan America, 48, 3-4. Retrieved from http://www. brookings. edu Shackleton, R. , Palriwala, A. , & Gordon, A. (2005, May). Remittances: International Payments by Immigrants. The Congress of the United Stated congressional budget office. Retrieved from http://www. hsdl. org Bad for Business: How Anti-Immigrant Laws Can Hurt the Kansas Economy. (2011). Retrieved from http://immigrationpolicy. org American Immigration Council. (2012). Immigration Reform and Growth. Retriev ed from http://immigrationpolicy. org

Left For Dead Essay

It was a horrific experience that I would never want to go through again. At first it was just a normal night, a little rough but nothing too major. We were just off the coast of Leyte and Guam when we were hit by two missiles. At first I was just lying in bed and thought it was a problem with the engines until the abandon ship order was given. The abandon ship order is the worst nightmare for any seamen. There was nothing I could do except follow procedures, I woke all the other men that hadn’t been woken up yet and we rushed to the deck, grabbed a life jacket and waited until the ship was close enough to the water so that when we jumped we would not die on impact. Hitting water from high enough up is like hitting concrete. We dove into the water and swam as fast as we can could away from the sinking ship so that we didn’t get pulled under from the under tow. Once we were a safe distance away we hung onto the raft like our life depended on it. We had been told that a distress signal had been sent out and that it would only be a couple of hours before help arrived. Several hours later there was still no help and the first sign of sharks was when one of the singles was attacked and taken down within a matter of seconds. I tried not to think about the dangers lurking around but with so much time you could not help but run it through your mind. The hardest part was deciding whether to let the injured go or to keep them and risk the fact that they were attracting the sharks. After two days there was still no sign of help and many of us were beginning to get delusional. Men were swimming off because they thought they saw an island or hula girls. Others dehydrated themselves by drink the cold water at their feet because they thought it was fresh. On the third and fifth days there were only about 30 men left and some were wielding weapons and getting restless. Luckily we were able to convince them to let them go and continue to work together and live for as long as possible. Finally on the fifth day there was a sign of hope. There was a plane fly over at about 3000 ft. We began to wave wildly and light flares to get its attention, it flashed its lights at us and that was when we knew we would be saved. It sent out to the other ships and planes with our coordinates and rescue information. The biggest surprise to me was that it landed in the ocean. He managed to land safely and we started to pile into the plane and on the wings. The next sign was a ship, a little black dot on the horizon. That was when I had full hope that we would be rescued and could go home. The trauma that I have faced over the last several years is almost unbearable and has changed my life. Just recently my family and I took a trip to Maui and we were supposed to go on the submarine but I could not get it out of my mind that I was on the ship all over again and I was going to drown. Even the sound of running water gives me nightmares, making me feel like I’m swimming for my life in the water all over again. Immediately when I returned home I was put in psychology classes to try to get rid of my trauma or lower the affect. These classes have not made any difference and I have recently become an alcoholic to numb the pain. It puts me in a state of mind that helps me forget about what I went through. I know it is not a sane way to deal with it but my traumas have come to a point where I cannot handle them anymore. The Price Chapter 11 talks about the fight-or-flight response and relates it to a squirrel and a dog and a cat and a dog. Also, the traumas and what they were called at different time periods and the symptoms of post-traumatic stress. They also talk about what six people did when the arrived home and how they handled the disaster. The rest of the chapter is about the reunions that the survivors had and how they handled them.

Climate Change Effects On Water Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

The last two decennaries climate alteration is increasing due to the alteration of human activity such as autos, planes, mill and other beginnings we use that adds nursery gases to the ambiance. Because of these human causes the Earth is heating up. One consequence that clime alteration has is the consequence the alteration will hold upon human H2O fresh water resources. I believe that clime alteration will hold an consequence on human H2O resources because of the close connexions with the hydrological rhythm, the raising temperature will increase in inundations and drouths that will take to the demand on more freshwater resources. Climate alteration has close connexions with the hydrological rhythm. The hydrological rhythm is located in the Earths hydrosphere this is the country in around Earth which holds all the H2O. The H2O is moved around the Earths hydrosphere in a rhythm. The hydrological rhythm is moved in five different stairss – vaporization, precipitation, condensation, overflow, aggregation and infiltration. The as you can see in Figure 1 the hydrologival rhythm all starts of with vaporization this is the alteration of liquid H2O to H2O vapor. The following measure is condensation this is the procedure of altering H2O vapor, from a liquid and so to organize clouds as you can see from the clouds in figure 1. This procedure can be notice for illustration when you look out for dew on the land in the forenoon. As the clouds you see in the sky move around Earth distributing the H2O vapor from topographic point to topographic point. The clouds become over laden with wet so they have to let go of th e overladen wet. They release the wet by a procedure called by precipitation which is normally rain, hail or snow. Infiltration occurs they when all the precipitations lay on the land. If there is to much precipitation on the land this becomes overflow. Runoff stays on the Earth land and runs into watercourses, rivers, lakes and oceans. So when the precipitation run into the these watercourses, rivers, lakes and oceans this procedure is called aggregation. As infiltration, overflow and aggregation are being processed, the Sun is doing a the rhythm to return back to the begaining of the rhythm to the procedure called evaporation.Sunlight heats up the liquid in watercourses, rivers, lakes and oceans. The warm air rises upwards into the ambiance and becomes the vapor involved in condensation. Without this procedure life on Earth would be impossible. Fresh water that we use in or twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lifes normally comes from Aquifer, Streams, Rivers, Lakes. Aquifer are constructed when stones of the upper portion of the Earth ‘s crust contain holes or pores. Thesiss holes are large or joined together so that H2O can flux through them easy. This is a portion of stone that is easy for H2O to go through through known as permeable. Streams normally get most of its H2O from overflow, rain and thaw snow. A watercourse is formed when the rain and runing snow met at the same topographic point and acquire into a line of channel. Streams usely flows into lakes, rivers, aquifer and seas. Rivers are a natural watercourse of fresh water resource. Water within the river is by and large collected from precipitation through surface overflow, groundwater recharge, springs and the release of stored H2O in ice and runing glaciers. Lakes are normally filled with deep fresh water or salt H2O. Lakes are inland usly on mountains countries and are non portion of the Ocean. They are filled by rivers or watercourses that connect to them. Some Lakes can be adult male made and are constructed for industrial or agricultural usage and even for hydro- electric power or domestic H2O supply. Water is one of the most importent inputs the human organic structure demands for us worlds to get by with mundane life. We need it for so many things e.g. wellness, turning nutrient, irrigation, industry. Despite the importance of Freshwater Resources decreasing, we are get downing to take the fresh water resources for granted. Most of the fresh water we use is wasted and polluted. Because the hydrological rhythm temperature is lifting it will take to a alteration in the horological rhythm, This will hold an impact on the conditions. The dry seasons will go alot more drier and the wet seasons will go alot more wetter. Leaving us with more inundations and drouths. This alteration will therefore will leave the handiness and quality of H2O. Some of the states on this Earth already hold a difficult enouch clip acquiring H2O because of increaseing industrial pollution and population growing. Climate alteration merely adds to the job to the quality of H2O, which in some parts of the universe the cut down rainfall and lifting temperatures decrease the fresh water. By the twelvemonth 2025 most of worlds populating in states with hapless H2O quality degrees will increase from about 34 per centum ( in 1995 ) to 63 percent.R K Pachauri ( 2005 ) The alteration in accessing H2O stressed countries will hold a possible struggle. As there will be a pressured demand on fresh water because of family, agricultural and industrial utilizations. These struggles will happen in H2O stressed countries contending against countries of natural springs and rivers every bit good as this it will take to conflict on boundary countries for illustration the part of Northern Kenya and the Samburu is holding to get by with the altering forms of rainfall and dry periods which with other force per unit areas on the natural resources are taking to increasing struggle among tribal groups over entree to scarce water.Smith ( 2006 ) 2 Discussion Most of the Earth has 70 % of ocean. While merely 30 % of the Earth is land. Around 84 % of the universes population is populating on dry land. Worlds are seeking to repair this by Reconstruction the hydrological rhythm system by constructing dikes and making waste H2O intervention workss etc. These elements will supply H2O for agribusiness, family, Industrial, environmental and other utilizations. But these alterations will besides take to some defects in old ages to come. India is one of the most effected by clime alteration. The snow ice caps of the Himalayas is sing less snow because of snow thaw. The glaciers is runing and there is marks of addition implosion therapy. The increasing rise temperatures is get downing to dry up the rivers. The Himalayas holds the largest sum ice on the Earth. Research workers have figure out that there is a strong combination between snow and the temperature. In recent old ages the Himalayas have experienced warm periods in the old ages between 1960- 1990, doing a decrease in snow autumn. Glaciers has been watched by research workers in the the past old ages. The United Nations clime study predicts by 2035 some Himalayan glaciers will vanish with the lifting temperatures. Because of the glaciers runing the thaw ice will run off into rivers such as the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers and some feeders coming from the Himalayan ice field. This will do deluging to riverside citations e.g. Varanasi, Kanpur and Patna. These metropolis ‘s have a population of 1000000s and have already see inundations during high monsoon season and it will be ongoing. Deluging will besides do break for the farming countries in northern parts of India and cause harm to the roads and rail manner line. The dikes such as the dike in Kosi autonomic nervous systems Sutlej could over flux doing more devastation to corn fields and colonies. When the point of no ice is reached by 2035 the ice thaw will hold either stopped because of a solution to climate alteration or be dried up because of the continued temperature lifting. If the ice does get down to understate the river will go weaker and drier during the monsoon oral cavities and summer. As the earths temperatures rises from about 14 grades C based in 2000 to a estimated 19 grades C in 2100 the undermentioned effects will be cause by the addition ; Agricultural, Household, Industrial, Environmental and wellness sea degrees will lift to an estimated 3.9 in to estimated 35 by 2100. Some parts of the coastal citations around India e.g. Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and other parts of the universe will be submerged. Even most of the island around India will be covered in H2O. The island of Lohachara is the first island in the universe to be covered in H2O due to climate alteration. The island is located on the southern border of the Ganges delta in the bay of Bengal. Its 10,000 occupants became the first refugees created because of clime alteration. There is a group of 27 island called Lakhadweep around the Arabian sea off the seashore of south Indian province Kraal. They have a population of about 61,000 people populating on them. The low prevarication islands are in immense danger of being covered in H2O every bit good. India is one of the universe biggest state that effects the nursery consequence. With the increased temperatures they will make a addition in precipitation. Rising the procedure of vaporization ensuing from warmer sea temperatures in the Indian ocean and Arabian Sea will increase that destroy procedure around the West Indian Rajasthan Desert Equally good as the H2O resources being shorten because of clime alteration there is besides another job and that is that normally boundary states sometime portion the same H2O resource. There is some indenture that there has been conflict over fresh water shared by two or more states. Freshwater is really of import to all the universes Humans activity, including the Agricultural, Household, Industrial and Environmental. But bad direction and the impact of clime alteration can take to tenseness ‘s between different states. For some old ages the counties such as India and Bangladesh have encountered struggle on river resources. It all started In 1993 when India and Bangladesh came under force per unit area when the Ganges River started to make its record depressions. Because the H2O degree was low it affected Bangladesh agricultural and killed most of its harvests. In October 1995, The Prime Minister of Bangladesh addressed the United Nations ( UN ) .The premier curate called Indiais portion of river H2O resources ia gross misdemeanor of human rights and justice.i Indiais constitution of the Farrakka Barrage which is a bombardment built near the boundary line of Bangladesh. The bombardment was build was to separate H2O for the Calcutta port. But Bangladesh says that because of this separation it has resulted in falling H2O tabular arraies and greater H2O resources for Bangladesh. India has a different position of the issue. Indian leaders says that Bangladesh was incorrect in depicting this issue. Bangladesh has asked India for a iminimum guaranteei understanding which will give Bangladesh a minimal flow of H2O. In 1996 India and Bangladesh agreed in the understanding so the iTreaty on the Sharing of the Waters of the Gangi was signed. Some political leader were unhappy about the understanding. But it was accepted my most political leaders. Since the pact Bangladesh continues to hold a figure of jobs. Some of the understandings that was agreed in the pact have non been met. How are we traveling to repair this job is the inquiry we need to inquire ourselfs I can see from my research that some attempts are being made to better direction in freshwater resources. Different organiseions have been developed to assist the mather of clime alteration for illustration, the United Nation ( UN ) have organised the first H2O conference to take topographic point in 1977 and developed an action program to take action on the improved direction and development of H2O resources and the UN designated 2003 as the international twelvemonth of freshwater resources. The mission of the organision is to increase consciousness of the importance of fresh water usage, direction and protection, provide an chance to alter the execution of the rules of incorporate H2O resources direction, utilize the twelvemonth as a platform for advancing bing activity and spearheading new enterprises in H2O resources at the international, regional and national degrees, and Launch the universe H2O d evelopment study at the 3rd universe H2O forum in Kyoto. The World Summit on Sustainable Development ( WSSD ) 2002 has emphasised on the development of an incorporate H2O resources direction and H2O efficiency plan.DEVELOPMENT ( 2003 ) . Global Water Partnership ( GWP ) Is a web of bureaus and intuitions to advance iintegrated H2O resource managementi in developing states. It facilitates the exchange of cognition, experience and practise related to H2O resources management.Partnership ‘s ( 2010 ) . World Water Council ( WWC ) is an international think-tank for H2O issues. It nonsubjective is to iincrease protagonism for improved H2O resources managementi . WWC has been organizing the World Water Forum ( WWF ) bi-annually. The 3rd Forum was held in Japan in March 2003.Council ( 2010 ) . European Water Association Act as a focal point for the exchange of information related to H2O and H2O activities.Association ( 2010 ) 3 Decision I can reason that because of clime alteration and the hydrological rhythm it is holding a little long term consequence on human H2O resources. I can see that it has close connexions with the hydrological rhythm. Because of this it will increases implosion therapy, create dry lands and brush struggle within states. More acceleration to the hydrological rhythm may ensue in more terrible conditions and utmost conditions.Anne E. Egger ( 2003 ) If we do n't turn to this issue there will be farther more jobs in the hereafter and lead to even more drouths and implosion therapy. Harmonizing to the Comprehensive Assessment Of Water Manage in Agriculture, one in three people are already facing H2O deficits ( 2007 ) . Almost one-fifth of the worldis population, live in countries of physical scarceness. Climate alteration has a close connexion between hydrological rhythm. Rising temperatures will increase the altering liquid to vapour and take to the additions in rainfall and snowfall. Because of this the overall supply of freshwater resources will increase, Droughts and inundations will go on more often and alterations in snowfall and snow thaw are expected in cragged countries more often. Reading about clime alteration has made me let go of that we take our fresh water for granted and do n't believe about what will go on if we lose the fresh water. Will we hold to present H2O charges maintain better H2O systems.